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Team building is the collective term for various types of activities used to enhance social relations and define roles within teams, often involving (collaborative tasks ). It is distinct from team training, which is designed to improve the efficiency of the process, rather than the interpersonal aspect of it. Many team building exercises are intended to find and address interpersonal problems within the group.〔Salas, E., Diazgranados, D., Klein, C., Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Goodwin, G. F., & Halpin, S. M. (2009, 12). Does Team Training Improve Team Performance? A Meta-Analysis. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 50(6), 903-933. doi: 10.1518/001872008X375009〕 Over time, this activity is intended to inculcate best practices for accomplishing tasks in a team-based environment.〔"Creative Team Building Activities and Exercises". Managerial Skills. Retrieved 15 May 2012.〕 Team building is categorised as one of the foundations of organizational development but can be applied to a multitude of cooperative groups, such as sports teams, school classes, divisions of armies, or flight crews. The formal definition of team-building includes the following: * Goal setting: Aligning around goals * Interpersonal-relationship management: Building effective working relationships * Role clarification: Reducing team members’ role ambiguity * Problem solving: Finding solutions to team problems According to Klein et al. (2009), team building is one of the most widely used group development activities in organizations. Of all organizational activities, team-development was found to have the strongest effect out of various financial measures for improving organizational performance.〔Macy, B. A., & Izumi, H. (1993). Organizational change, design and work innovation: A meta-analysis of 131 North American field experiments, 1961-1991. In W. Pasmore & R. Woodman (Eds.), Research in organizational change and development (pp. 235-313). Greenwich, CT: JAI.〕 Recent meta-analyses show that team development activities, including team building and team training, improve both a team’s objective performance and that team's subjective supervisory ratings.〔Salas, E., Diazgranados, D., Klein, C., Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Goodwin, G. F., & Halpin, S. M. (2009, 12). Does Team Training Improve Team Performance? A Meta-Analysis. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 50(6), 903-933. doi: 10.1518/001872008X375009〕 == The four approaches == Salas and his team describes four approaches to team building:〔Salas, E., Priest, H. A., & DeRouin, R. E. (2005). Team building. In N. Stanton, H. Hendrick, S. Konz, K. Parsons, & E. Salas (Eds.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics methods (pp. 48-1, 48-5). London: Taylor & Francis. Compare: 〕 # Goal setting emphasizes the importance of setting clear objectives and developing individual and team goals. Team members become involved in action planning to identify ways to achieve goals and define success and failure. This is intended to strengthen team-member motivation, foster a sense of ownership, and to help achieve clear, specific and unambiguous goals and objectives. (By identifying specific outcomes, with tests of incremental success that teams can determine what future actions can address these areas for improved outcomes. Individual team-member's personal motivation can also be altered by use of this intervention.) Many organizations insist on a team charter negotiated between the team and responsible managers (and union leaders) to empower the team to ensure the activity leads to goals accomplished on behalf of the organization. in the belief goal-settings help teams to work towards the same outcomes, makes them more task- and action-oriented and focus such tasks and actions on clearly identified organisational priorities. # Clarification of roles emphasizes the importance of communication between team members regarding their respective roles, in the process improving their understanding of their own and others' respective roles and duties within the team, defined as a set of overlapping roles are characterized by behaviors of each individual team member. (This is intended to improve team effectiveness by reducing ambiguity regarding roles, and foster understanding of the importance of structure by activities aimed at negotiating, defining, and adjusting team-member roles and embed understanding that talent exists in the team while educating team members how best to employ it, allows members to understand the importance of clarity of purpose and the roal of individuals in achieving set goals and embed realization the team consists of interdependent individuals and that the failure of one team member may lead to the failure of the entire team.) # Problem solving emphasizes identifying major task-related problems within the team. Involving team members in action planning, implementing solutions to problems identified, and evaluating those solutions involves setting goals, developing interpersonal relations, clarifying team roles and working to improve organizational characteristics. This can have the added benefit of enhancing critical-thinking. (The reasoning being that if teams are good in problem-solving skills, they are less likely to need external interventions to solve their problems.()) # Interpersonal-relations management emphasizes increasing teamwork skills such as giving and receiving mutual support, communication and sharing, which develops trust between team members and confidence in the team. (This is based on the assumption that teams with fewer interpersonal conflicts function more effectively than teams with greater numbers of interpersonal conflicts.) It requires the use of a facilitator to develop mutual trust and open communication between team members. As team members achieve higher levels of trust, cooperation if enhanced and individual team members can be encouraged to perform tasks outside their accustomed roles, in turn altering the characteristics of the team as a whole. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Team building」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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